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Introduction
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease of the central
nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal
cord. MS can cause problems with muscle control and
strength, vision, balance, sensation, and mental
functions. The central nervous system contains
billions of nerve cells which are joined by nerve
fibers. Electrical impulses originate in nerve cells
and travel along the axons within the brain, spinal
cord and peripheral nerves. Myelin is the substance
that coats and protects the nerve fibers, similar to
the way insulation shields electrical wires. In MS,
the myelin sheath in the brain and spinal cord is
attacked, becoming inflamed, and starts to break down
bit by bit, then detaches itself from the nerve
fibers.
Causes
Although the exact cause of MS is unknown, researchers
believe that MS is caused by a person's immune system
attacking myelin in the brain and spinal cord. This
abnormal immune response may be triggered by a
combination of genetics and environmentally based
factors, which are not yet delineated.Geographic
location also may play a role. MS is more prevalent in
colder regions that are further away from the equator.
Researchers have made a connection between a person's
geographic location during childhood and the risk of
MS later in life, suggesting that a childhood viral
illness or other environmental factors may make a
person more likely to develop the disease.
Symptoms
The symptoms of MS
include:
- Tingling sensations of the extremities
- Numbness of the extremities
- Dizziness
- Ataxia (poor balance)
- Blurred or double vision
- Loss of vision in one or both eyes
- Walking/gait abnormalities
- Hearing loss
- Muscle weakness, stiffness, fatigue, slurred speech,
and dropping objects
- Unusual fatigue
- Muscle cramps
- Spasms
- Problems with bladder, bowel and sexual function
- Paralysis
- Forgetfulness
- Optic Neuritis (pain or blindness in one eye)
Treatment
There is not yet a cure for MS. A combination of
medication and physical therapy is recommended to
reduce symptoms and even prolong remissions. Muscle
stiffness and weakness may be aided by physical
therapy. Exercise can help preserve strength and
function. Patients with difficulty walking or
transferring may benefit from the use of assistive
devices such as canes, walkers, or wheelchairs. After
each attack, therapy is often needed to restore
function optimally.
Avoidance of over-exhaustion, emotional stress, and a
rise in body temperature may reduce the symptoms of
MS. Patients should follow a well-balanced,
nutritionally sound diet and maintain a desirable
weight, especially in those with limited exercise
capacity.
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